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Seeded ND medical image segmentation by cellular automaton on GPU

Claude Kauffmann, Nicolas Piche
Department of Medical Imaging, Notre-Dame Hospital, CHUM, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, QC H2L 4M1, Canada
International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, Volume 5, Number 3, 251-262, 2010

@article{kauffmann2010seeded,

   title={Seeded ND medical image segmentation by cellular automaton on GPU},

   author={Kauffmann, C. and Pich{‘e}, N.},

   journal={International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery},

   volume={5},

   number={3},

   pages={251–262},

   issn={1861-6410},

   year={2010},

   publisher={Springer}

}

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PURPOSE: We present a GPU-based framework to perform organ segmentation in N-dimensional (ND) medical image datasets by computation of weighted distances using the Ford-Bellman algorithm (FBA). Our GPU implementation of FBA gives an alternative and optimized solution to other graph-based segmentation techniques. METHODS: Given a number of K labelled-seeds, the segmentation algorithm evolves and segments the ND image in K objects. Each region is guaranteed to be connected to seeds with the same label. The method uses a Cellular Automata (CA) to compute multiple shortest-path-trees based on the FBA. The segmentation result is obtained by K-cuts of the graph in order to separate it in K sets. A quantitative evaluation of the method was performed by measuring renal volumes of 20 patients based on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) acquisitions. Inter-observer reproducibility, accuracy and validity were calculated and associated computing times were recorded. In a second step, the computational performances were evaluated with different graphics hardware and compared to a CPU implementation of the method using Dijkstra’s algorithm. RESULTS: The ICC for inter-observer reproducibility of renal volume measurements was 0.998 (0.997-0.999) for two radiologists and the absolute mean difference between the two readers was lower than 1.2% of averaged renal volumes. The validity analysis shows an excellent agreement of our method with the results provided by a supervised segmentation method, used as reference. CONCLUSIONS: The formulation of the FBA in the form of a CA is simple, efficient and straightforward, and can be implemented in low cost vendor-independent graphics hardware. The method can efficiently be applied to perform organ segmentation and quantitative evaluation in clinical routine.
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